Pollution Horticulture Essay Example

Contamination Horticulture Paper A significant test to the cultivation business is contamination and the negative impacts that may emerge as a result of it. As the populace develops it is obvious that contamination is unavoidable somewhat, this will without a doubt have an effect on business agriculture. There are three fundamental sorts of contamination that can negatively affect agriculture; Air contamination water contamination soil contamination the primary test that business cultivation faces because of contamination isn't contamination itself however a different issue that has emerged as a result of it, the need to lessen it. Because of this laws are being passed, for example, The Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (PAPA) and The Control of Pesticides Regulations 1 986 and security official, 2009). These demonstrations both influence how plants are developed in regards to the utilization of pesticides, herbicides, synthetic composts and different synthetics utilized generally inside the business. These demonstrations are being involved to decrease the measure of contamination made by such synthetic substances. A few people accept that the utilization of these synthetic concoctions may prompt contaminated soil which can likewise advance dirtied water, this happens when downpour water runs off soil that is contaminated into waterways, supply and other water applies(Boilable and Bola,201 0). This is known as leaching(Hester, R. E and Harrison, R. M, 1996). The detriment of not utilizing synthetics is that progressively natural strategies are being utilized. While naturally developed leafy foods for example are believed to be a more beneficial choice by many(Fleming, 2007). It makes their creation progressively costly. We will compose a custom article test on Pollution Horticulture explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Pollution Horticulture explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Pollution Horticulture explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For instance a yield developed utilizing natural techniques as opposed to utilizing herbicides will require weeding by hand, raising the expense of work. This is likewise a budgetary hazard to the business particularly with the current monetary climate(Hawaii, 2010). Naturally developed plants are less ensured having a yield of 10-20% less on normal than non naturally grown(Lifter, 2010). Another impact of contamination is atmosphere change(Houghton, 2010). This without a doubt will challenge business agriculture in various manners, right off the bat it will have an effect on irrigation(Jerry Knox et al, 2007). As the temperature in the UK ascends because of environmental change by an expected 1-ICC every year before the century's over more water will be expected to fulfill plant needs(Jerry Knox et a, 2007). Anyway with higher temperatures comes dry season meaning less water will be accessible. This will build the expense of water system and furthermore undermine the endurance of numerous plants. Environmental change may likewise impact what plants can develop in the ASK, thought will be required, if a plant is set yet doesn't develop it is the greens keeper of horticulturists responsibility(Livable, 2009).

Notes Experimental Psych Overview Free Essays

Humanism Biology Chemistry Physics Astronomy Anthropology Psychology Others Outer circle (CO) : Art Music Literature Language Solvable and unsolvable Problems Solvable issue one which suggests a conversation starter that can be replied with the utilization of ordinary limits (responds to inquiries under the inward and external circle) Unsolvable issue †brings up an issue that is unanswerable. This worries heavenly marvels (falling under Metaphysical orders) Science is Empirical (Observable) Solvable issues are helpless to observational arrangement by examining recognizable vents Science Defined 1 . Sciences apply the logical technique to resolvable issues 2. We will compose a custom exposition test on Notes Experimental Psych Overview or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Dullness’s In the CO don’t utilize the SMS yet their issues are regularly feasible 3. The dullness’s outside the circles neither utilize the SMS nor present reasonable issues C] Science is the utilization of the SMS to resolvable issues. Brain science as a Science Psychology Is Materialistic, Objective and Deterministic If brain science Is ever to turn into a science, It must follow the case of the physical sciences: it must be materialistic, unthinking, deterministic, objective. - Watson Realism (Same as Physicality) †detectable reactions, physical occasions Objectivity †the rule of meeting unwavering quality Intersecting at least two individuals share similar encounters Determinism-the suspicion that there is legitimateness Experimentation is the most impressive research technique 0 Psychology turned into a science by applying the SMS to reasonable issues. Mental experimentation is a use of the SMS Stating the Problem and Hypothesis Testing the Hypothesis 1. Select members 2. Arbitrarily allocate to bunches 3. Haphazardly allocate gatherings to condition/treatment . Test bunch given a novel treatment b. Control bunch given ordinary treatment 4. Characterize the IV 5. Characterize the DVD 6. Control important EVE 7. Lead factual tests 8. Sum up and clarify the theory 9. Anticipate new circumstances Terms 1 . Replication †an extra analysis is directed yet with a similar procedure 2. Upgrades †parts of the outside condition 3. Reaction †parts of conduct 4. S-R Laws †if a specific natural attributes is changed, conduct of a particular kind likewise changes 5. Variable †anything that can change in sum 6. Free factor †controlled, treatment, examination 7. Subordinate variable †proportion of any adjustment in conduct 8. Ceaseless variable †fit for changing by any sum 9. Irregular variable †expect just numerical qualities that contrast by unmistakably characterized ventures without discontinuous qualities conceivable 10. Theory - conditional answer for issue Functions of Apparatus 1. To direct exploratory treatment 2. To gather information 3. To diminish experimenter impacts 4. To examine information explicitly Conducting Statistical Tests Chance distinction Reliable contrast Real 0 factually solid Accidental 0 due just to risk Significant 0 dependable (Preferable) Confirmed 0 likely obvious Discontinued 0 most likely bogus it very well may be estimated. J. B. Watson †If brain research is ever to turn into a science, it must follow the case of the physical sciences: it must be materialistic, robotic, deterministic, and objective. Section 2 †The Problem Scientific request begins when we have gathered some information however there is something we despite everything don't know Ways Problem is Manifested 1 . When there is an observable hole in the consequences of examinations Students leading theory are perusing related writing so their storage facility of data is loaded up with new information 2. At the point when the aftereffects of a few requests differs The outcomes are negating 3. At the point when a reality exists as unexplained data When another hypothesis clarifies a reality, it likewise clarifies other wonders, since speculations are general that it can clarify numerous realities Defining a Solvable Problem 1. The proposed arrangement is Testable 2. The proposed arrangement is Relevant to the issue A. What is a testable theory? A. On the off chance that it is conceivable to discover that it is either obvious or bogus B. Information is communicated as suggestions a. The necessity that information can happen just as an announcement is basic for the procedure of testability. C. Level of Probability Instead of True or False Kinds of Possibilities 1 . Directly feasible †the chance is inside our capacity right now 2. Conceivably feasible †potential outcomes that may come surprisingly close to individuals at some future time Classes of Testability 1 . By and by testable †related with Presently feasible 2. Possibly testable †identified with Potentially achievable Working Principle for the Experimenter . Applying the measure of Testability a. Do all the factors contained in the theory really allude to experimentally perceptible occasions? B. Is the speculation figured so that it is conceivable to relate it to exactly perceptible occasions and render a choice on its level of likelihood? Term: decide the level of likelihood for them. Unsolvable Problems The Unstructured Problem Inadequately characterized terms and the operational definition Solution Through Operational Definitions Operational definitions †one that shows that a specific marvel exists, and sees so by indicating exactly how the wonder is estimated Operations †sufficient meanings of the factors with which a science bargains are an essential to headway. Started by P. W. Abbreviated version in 1972 Impossibility of Collecting Relevant Data Vicious circularity renders issues unsolvable Additional contemplations Problems ought to be mechanically or hypothetically significant Problems of the stalemate assortment should be evaded except if imaginative arrangements are conceivable Psychological responses to issues we ought to accentuate a fact basis and not excuse a disclosure simply because it is upsetting The most effective method to refer to Notes Experimental Psych Overview, Papers

What is the Best Alternative to Prison essays

What is the Best Alternative to Prison papers  ³The U.S. jail populace has significantly increased since 1980 so that on some random day there are 1.5 million Americans behind bars.â ² (Alternatives 1). There is an unmistakable congestion issue in todays detainment facilities. Why? I accept that the populace blast in the jail framework is because of the expanding moral decrease of America. Detainment facilities should keep hazardous lawbreakers off the lanes and shield others from carrying out a wrongdoing. (Jails 1) One would imagine that being bolted up is to be dreaded. Be that as it may, in todayâ ¹s society, crooks basically couldn't care less.  ³Incarceration isn't powerful in wrongdoing reductionâ ² (Alternatives 1). In any case, what should be possible to fix this regularly developing pandemic? More detainment facilities can generally be built, correct? Building more prisons is costly and doesn't take care of the issue. (Jails 1) So we should now look for conceivable options in contrast to detainment. As a matter of first importance, there is the choice of just placing fierce lawbreakers in prison. Peaceful hoodlums could be placed into work programs. (Penitentiaries 2) They could go through their days cleaning and fixing Americaâ ¹s roadways and national parks. This, as I would like to think is a fantastic thought! However we despite everything need to manage the fierce hoodlums. There are some various choices in rebuffing those people.  ³Early discharge programs let detainees out of prison before their sentence is finished. This advances great conduct in jail and keeps the jail populace lower. Notwithstanding, many discharged detainees simply carry out another wrongdoing and are come back to jailâ ² (Prisons 1). Early discharge appears just as it would work superbly, however oh dear misses the mark. I imagine that detainees ought not be discharged early, or at all besides. They should serve out their total term. In the event that parole were impossible, possibly somebody would reconsider before they pull the trigger. What's more, for the individuals who donâ ¹t notice, they would be bolted up where they have a place. The last choice is by a wide margin the best in my eyes. ... <!

Origin Essays, Anthropology Essay On Origin

Origin Essays, Anthropology Essay On Origin Origin Essays, Anthropology Essay On Origin Origin essays represent a college paper on the origin of a certain event, phenomenon or notion. Origin essays are also popular in the sphere of anthropological essays writing. In order to compose good origin essays, anthropology essays on origin of something, one should keep a set of considerations in mind. First of all, it is necessary to choose the topic of your origin essay. In the context of discussing anthropological essays these may be origin essays on certain sociological studies, humanity origin essays, behavior investigation origin essays or anthropological field research origin essays. No matter what topic is discussed within a certain piece of essay writing, every college paper, anthropology essays inclusive, should be precisely dedicated to the chosen set of materials and field of science. Essay writing of such a kind should include all structural elements important for a certain topic, like in physical anthropolgy paper. In regards to origin essays one should note that historical knowledge on the investigated subject is highly necessary. For the one undertaking anthropological research in the contemporary context, it is much easier to achieve certain results and apply them in the discussion dedicated to it. However, in case one has to compose one of origin essays, it is essential to thoroughly collect information on the historical and unified opinion about all historical facts that have become the heritage of humanity. It is also necessary to collect data concerning the event being discussed and synthesize it in the single whole, analyzing it further on to obtain constructive, coherent and precisely written down results. Origin essays are distinguished by a high level of subjectivity, this is why the person initiating the study of origin has to agree to accept the bias he or she will obtain from the study. Many opinions exist on every fact that cannot be proved factually, so the opinions differ and rely more or less heavily on facts and documented information. In order not to become the victim of unauthorized and unchecked information used in the origin essay, the researcher should carefully revise the used resources for consistency. This is the only way to avoid wrong inferences based on wrong data, thus, making the researcher get into trouble by operating false facts and giving way to further ambiguity. With the purpose of writing a genuinely successive work that will take its deserved place within the framework of anthropological research, it is essential to make inquiries about the level of quality of literature one is going to use in the process of research.

Saint Josephs University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Saint Josephs University is a private Jesuit university with an acceptance rate of 76%. Established in 1851, Saint Josephs University is located on an 103-acre campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The universitys strengths in the liberal arts and science earned it a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society. Undergraduates can choose from 55 degree programs. Popular majors include accounting, biology, business administration, and communication studies. Considering applying to Saint Josephs University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Saint Josephs University had an acceptance rate of 76%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 76 students were admitted, making SJUs admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 8,843 Percent Admitted 76% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 17% SAT Scores and Requirements Saint Josephs University has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants to SJU may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required.  During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 70% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 570 650 Math 550 640 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of  Saint Josephs admitted students fall within the  top 35% nationally  on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Saint Josephs scored between 570 and 650, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 650. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 550 and 640, while 25% scored below 550 and 25% scored above 640. While the SAT is not required, this data tells us that a composite SAT score of 1290 or higher is competitive for Saint Josephs University. Requirements Note that Saint Josephs does not require SAT scores for admission. For students who choose to submit scores, Saint Josephs participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Saint Josephs does not require the optional essay portion of the SAT. ACT Scores and Requirements Saint Josephs has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 18% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 23 31 Math 21 27 Composite 23 29 This admissions data tells us that of those who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Saint Josephs admitted students fall within the  top 31% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Saint Josephs received a composite ACT score between 23 and 29, while 25% scored above 29 and 25% scored below 23. Requirements Note that Saint Josephs does not require ACT scores for admission. For students who choose to submit scores, Saint Josephs does not require the optional writing portion of the ACT. Saint Josephs does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. GPA In 2019, the middle 50% of Saint Josephs incoming freshmen class had weighted high school GPAs between 3.38 and 4.0. 25% had a GPA above 4.0, and 25% had a GPA below 3.38. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Saint Josephs University have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Saint Josephs University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Saint Josephs University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Saint Josephs University, which accepts just over three-quarters of applicants, has a somewhat competitive admissions pool. However, Saint Josephs also has a  holistic admissions  process and is test-optional, and admissions decisions are based on more than numbers. A strong  application essay  and  glowing letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. While not required, Saint Josephs offers non-evaluative  interviews  for interested applicants. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of Saint Josephs average range. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent students accepted to Saint Josephs University. The majority of admitted students had high school grades of B or better, combined SAT scores of about 1050 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 21 or better. A significant number of admitted students have grades in the A range. If You Like Saint Josephs University, You May Also Like These Schools Fordham UniversityDrexel UniversityUniversity of PittsburghArcadia UniversityBoston CollegeJames Madison UniversityPennsylvania State UniversitySyracuse UniversityFairfield UniversityUniversity of Delaware All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Saint Josephs University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Assistive Technology And Instructional Technology

â€Å"The number one benefit of information technology is that it empowers people to do what they want to do. It lets people be creative. It lets people be productive. It lets people learn things they didn t think they could learn before, and so in a sense it is all about potential.† –Steve Ballmer Technology can be very empowering especially for children who are exceptional. In understanding both Assistive Technology and Instructional technology one may begin to see how they can both beneficial to student with disabilities. To understand Assistive technology (A.T.), we first should defined it. Assistive technology is defined as, as any gadget/equipment for and exceptional individual that helps to counter-balance their specific disability(s). (Stanberry Raskind, 2009, para.4) In clearer terms A.T. is any device that is used to help someone with a disability complete daily tasks. The devices enable children with disabilities to function more independently in their environment. Assistive devices are considered to be useful in improving a child’s quality life. Assistive Tech. devices can be classified as low-tech, middle-tech, or high-tech. Low-Tech are non-electronical devices. Assistive Technology low-tech devices includes items such as adaptive spoons handles, story boards, and picture boards. Middle-Tech devices are simple mechanical devices. Middle-tech A.T. devices consist of gadgets such as word processors, audio books, and manual wheel chairs. Lastly you haveShow MoreRelatedTeacher Training Of Assistive Instructional Technology939 Words   |  4 PagesTeacher training in assistive instructional technology (AIT) has been a topic of discussion that has heightened with the drive for differentiated instruction. Although, research has been extensively conducted on pre-service training, not much research has indicated the success of teacher training in assistive instructional technology for in-service experienced teachers (Edyburn, 2014). In an attempt to advance the science in the field of leadership and educational administration in r elationship toRead MoreAssistive Technology Lesson Pl Effective Instructional Approaches781 Words   |  4 PagesAssistive Technology Lesson Plan Effective instructional approaches are designed to look at how a student learns and how a teacher delivers the information to the student. When a teacher identifies the learning style of their students, they can effectively plan the instruction. The learning style approach to teaching requires the teacher to build lessons to include students different learning styles. A student with special needs will thrive in this teaching environment; they will be taught at theirRead MoreResearch Based Teaching Strategies Educators Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagescomplete a task. Therefore, students with visual impairments and multiple disabilities need to learn specific visual attention skills and behaviors. To teach visual attention skills and behaviors, educators should use systematic evidence based instructional procedures, including repeated prompting and continuous correction until students apply the visual attention behavior needed to perform the task. Visual skills include orienting to the presence of a stimulus, visual fixation, eye gaze shift, trackingRead MoreTeaching The Flexible Learning Program1690 Words   |  7 Pagesmy class have IEP with some type of accommodation. My school district prides itself on being one of the leading districts in technology. Each school has been eqipped I-pad carts, Cromebooks, projectors, clickers and other instructional technology. Since it is in the schools, it has been stressed to use them in our lessons. I personally do not have a problem using technology to a point. In math class you expect students to be able to use calculators, but how much is too much? Students are relyingRead MoreTeaching Mathematical Problem Solving Math, Technology Education, And Special Education989 Words   |  4 PagesMathematical Problem Solving to Middle School Students in Math, Technology Education, and Special Education Classrooms.RMLE Online: Research in Middle Level Education, 27(1), 1-17. There were two instructional approaches, Enhanced Anchored Instruction (EAI) and text-based instruction (TBI), compared in this study. Both teaching methods were used to teach sixth-grade middle school students how to solve math problems in technology, special education classes and math classrooms.The purpose of thisRead MorePlanning And Implementing Curriculum Accommodation842 Words   |  4 Pagescorrelate to reading achievement. A lot of children develop phonological awareness through preschool task, but others may need more systematic instruction. The best way to teach phonological awareness is through explicit instructional approaches. Another teacher-integrated instructional approach that known to benefited many reading beginners is Kindergarten Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (K-PALS) (Rafdal, McMaster, McConnell, Fuchs Fuchs, 2011); a supplemental class-wide peer tutoring that dealsRead MoreTechnology Is Rapidly Growing And Changing Our World1218 Words   |  5 PagesT echnology is rapidly growing and changing in our world. Students receiving special education services face challenges both in and outside of the classroom. By using proper technology students’ classroom experience may be improved and they may be more motivated and engaged in learning. Students with disabilities may have difficulty with reading, writing, word recognition, motor skills, and attention. Different types of technology can be utilized to help improve students ability to learn. ThereRead MoreEssay on History of Special Education in Public Schools2926 Words   |  12 Pagesprovide more assistance and attention. To aid in doing this, many assistive technologies have been developed. An assistive technology, according to The Assistive Technology Act of 1998 is â€Å"any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disa bilities.† The stepping stone to the Assistive Technology Act was the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)Read MoreQuantitative and Qualitative Research Questions and Hypothesis1050 Words   |  5 Pagesintegration of students with disabilities reflect a lack of confidence both in their own instructional skills and in the quality of support personnel currently provides. General and special education teachers are placed in inclusive classroom settings for the betterment of the student; however, planning is not as effective when general education teachers are not properly trained on or comfortable with the technology. Thousand and Villa (2000) in McLaren, Bausch, amp; Ault (2007), found that providingRead MoreAlternative Education Programs1010 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing in the regular school setting. There are many methods a school can begin to use to turn an alternative education program around. Some of these ways include the use of activity schedules, commun ity involvement and summer employment, assistive technology, and the instruction of daily living skills. Students with autism spectrum disorders and other students with severe disabilities respond better to stimuli and are able to complete tasks more successfully when these behaviors are predictable

Essay on Law Consideration

Question: 1. write an essay on the following The performance of an existing legal or contractual duty can never amount to sufficient consideration. Discuss 2. write your full submissions for the plea in mitigation for Sandra Quinn. Answer: 1. Introduction A contract is an agreement between two or more parties for the performance or non-performance of any act. An agreement gives rise to legal obligations which legally enforceable by law. Under the English Common Law principle, there are basically three essential factors which constitute a valid contract under the law: First, there should be an agreement between the contracting parties, Second, contractual intent must be present between/among the parties to a contract, and Lastly, there should be an element of consideration. All these three factors are necessary for any agreement to be legally binding as a valid contract under the eyes of the law. Absence of any one of these factors in an agreement renders the contract invalid. Thus, a valid contract has to fulfill all the above prerequisites. In a valid contract there is an offer and acceptance of offer. In short, a proposition is made by one party and such a proposition is accepted by the other party. Thus, the elements of offer and acceptance are the main essence of a contract. The above question revolves around the concept of consideration. To answer it we should have a clear idea of, what a consideration is? Under the English Common Law, a promise merely does not constitute a binding contract on the person promising something until and unless it is accompanied by a consideration as in the case of Thomas Vs Thomas (1842)2 QB 851. Consideration means something of value which has to be given in return on account of the made promise in order to make such a promise legally binding as a valid contract. For example, when we buy something for the store, we pay for the goods. Such payment is regarded as a consideration for the sellers promise to deliver the goods to the buyer. In a similar manner, the delivery of the goods by the seller is a consideration for the buyers promise to pay for such goods. A traditional definition of consideration is set out in Currie vs. Misa (1875) which is as follows: a valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss of responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other Though the courts strictly follow the concept of consideration, it sometimes becomes unorthodox (as in the cases of Ward v Byham[1956] 1 WLR 496,Williams v Roffey Bros[1990] 2 WLR 1153). Thus, consideration is the principle criterion with the help of which the English courts decide whether an agreement is legally enforceable or not. Consideration is the main indicator which proves that the contracting parties have the intention to make an agreement legally binding. Essentials of a valid consideration The following are the essential elements that are required for a valid consideration: Consideration must not be past: There should be a direct relation between a promise and a consideration. The consideration should be in relation to that particular promise.Whether the concerned consideration is past or not is a question of fact. The words mentioned in the agreement merely may not a conclusive issue (as in the case of Re McArdle(1951) Ch 669). There are two exceptions to the past consideration rule: An act already performed may be valid if: The promise would have been legally enforceable if it had been made prior to the act. Understanding between the parties about the performance of the act, and The concerned act is done at the promisors request (as held in the case of Lampleigh v Braithwaite[1615] EWHC KB J17, Negotiable instruments, cheques, promissory notes, demand draft, etc Consideration should move from promise Tweddle v Atkinson[1861] EWHC QB J57) Consideration should be legal under the eyes of the law Consideration mush be requested Consideration mush be sufficient The concept of Sufficiency of Consideration Legally, consideration should provide for some benefit to the promisor or some detriment to the promise, but the amount of benefit or detriment need not be too much in amount. Although a contract has no legal binding until and unless some consideration is exchanged with should be economical in nature. Thus, consideration must have some material or economic value. In simple terms, sufficient consideration means what is put forward should be something which the courts of law will consider as legally capable of constituting as a consideration. Consideration may be sufficient but not necessarily liable to be adequate ( Chappell v Nestle[1960] AC 87). This generally indicates that the courts are not much keen on evaluating the parity between the values of the consideration which is being offered by the parties involved which means that the courts do not interfere with the bargain made between the concerned contracting parties. Exceptions to the concept of sufficient consideration Past Consideration: a consideration which has been paid in the past is not generally considered as consideration in the present context. A fresh consideration is mandatory for a fresh contract duly executed. Performance of Existing Duty: the performance of an existing duty; be it legal or contractual is not regarded as a valid consideration in the present context of the fresh contract. The basic logic behind it is that the promise does not face any legal detriment and the promisor gets what was already initiated by the parties to the existing contract (Collins v Godefrey(1831) 1 B Ad 950). Absence of Economic Value: If a consideration lacks adequate economical value, then it is not considered as a valid consideration. Part Payment of Debts: Part payments are not regarded as consideration as part payments are not adequate to discharge a larger debt. It is clear from the above discussed points what are considered as the pre-requisites of a valid contract and a valid sufficient consideration under the English law. Thus, the performance of an existing legal or contractual duty cannot be in any way considered as a valid consideration in the context of a present contract (as held in the case of Stilk v Myrrick[1809] EWHC KB J58). The most striking reason for this is that which was already promised to be delivered or acted upon, cannot compensate or substitute something which has to be delivered or performed again under a fresh promise/agreement/contract. There is no exchange of benefit and/or detriment under the new agreement. Performance of an existing obligation is thus, not enforceable under the principles of sufficient consideration. 2. Good Afternoon, Your Worship and all present in this court room. My name is ________________. I will present the case of the defense. Sandra Quinn is my client. It is the allegation of the prosecution that my client has committed burglary at the offices of Aztec Computing Limited situated at 106, Oswald Road, Ealing. It is the allegation of the prosecution that my client has taken various items from the office which includes three laptops worth 700 pounds each, 3 iPods worth 350 pounds each and an iPhone. The security guard, Mr. Rex Poole who was patrolling the building at 2.50am has claimed to have noticed a female in her mid 20s with long blonde hair dressed in a red hood and black jeans carrying a large black bag and running down the alleyway. Whereas my client was stopped by the police at 2.30 am a few streets away from the site of occurrence of the crime. Since she fitted the description of the burglar noticed by the security guard she was charged with the burglary. Though sh e was not carrying the bag and nothing was recovered when the police carried out search. In an identification parade carried out by the police Mr. Rex Poole identified my client as the burglar. Now I would state the personal circumstance of my client. She is 25 years old and lives with her mother and 7 years old son. She stays at a housing association at Ealing. She works as a shelf stacker in Tescos in Ealing. Her son is also studying in a school in the town. From her personal circumstance it is evident that my client would under no circumstance abscond if she is granted bail. As regards the allegations, the defendant when interview by the police has denied the allegations which have been leveled against her. The case of the prosecution is completely circumstantial. There is prima facie no evidence to establish that the woman whom the security guard had noticed on the night of the occurrence of the crime is my client. He had not seen the face of the woman. There is no evidence that the woman he had seen and my client are one and the same entity. The evidence established through identification seems nebulous. Moreover my client even has a strong alibi. She was with her boy friend Mark that night at the time of occurrence of the crime. Your Worship, my client voluntarily surrendered to the police. While she was questioned by the police she has readily answered all questions and extended the greatest possible co-operation. In spite of being under investigation she did not attempt to abscond. My client admits to the prior convictions of theft and burglary. As far as the burglary sentence is concerned she was sentenced to 180 hours community order which she has completed recently. She had attended on time and completed all formalities adequately. As regards the absconding conviction my client could not attend court on time but appeared late. The reason being that her son Peter was not well and there was nobody to take care of him at home. My clients mother who generally takes care of Peter was also on holiday. Moreover, though she tried to arrange for somebody to look after Peter yet she failed to find anybody. The defendant may provide if the court requires medical certificate of her son, Peter. She had also called up the court and informed that she would not be able to reach court on time. But at present her son is in a good health and hence this is no longer a problem. There is no risk to the community if my client is released on bail. My client is not at risk of re-offending as she is working at present and in case she offends again she would lose her job. She has a son who is dependent on her and thus she would not risk her job by committing another offence. Her mother stays with her and she can supervise her regular activities. My client is agreeable to comply with the conditions of bail, if any, imposed on her. She would not contact or approach Mr. Rex Poole and does not even have an intention to do so. Thus there is no base for the argument of the prosecution that the defendant would try to interfere with the witness, Mr. Rex Poole. There is no risk as to the fact that my client would attempt to abscond. My client intends to clear her status of being an offender and hence would attend court whenever required. Moreover, the family ties of the defendant would not permit her to do so. She has a son who is dependent upon her. The client is well aware of the consequences she would have to face in case she absconds. My client would lose her housing accommodation in case the allegation against her is proved. The witness has identified my client as the burglar who ran away. However, he has admitted that he only saw that a lady with blonde hair wearing black jeans and red hood ran away. She even had a black bag in her hand. But Mr. Poole had not seen the face of the lady who ran away. It is doubtful that the witness could have identified anybody in such a situation, let alone my client whom he had never met. Thus the case of the prosecution is weak and the nature of the offence with which my client has been charged is not such that in case bail is granted my client would be a danger to the community. Since the client has a son dependent on her, refusal of bail would be detrimental to the interest of the defendants son. Since my client is a single parent and the only earning member in her family, she needs to continue with the job so as to be able to bear the expense of litigation. References Andrews, N. (2011).Contract law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Lampleigh v Braithwaite [1615]EWHC KB Chappell v Nestle[1960] AC 87 Collins v Godefrey(1831) 1 B Ad 950 Denoncourt, J. (2009).Q amp;A Business Law 2009-2010. Hoboken: Taylor amp; Francis Denoncourt, J. and Denoncourt, J. (2012).Business law 2012-2013. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Hesselink, M. (2015). Democratic contract law.European Review of Contract Law, 11(2) R v Clark (1927) Re McArdle (1951)[2015] Ch Roscorla v Thomas (1842) Stilk v Myrrick[1809] EWHC KB J58 Taylor, R. and Taylor, D. (2009).Contract law. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Thomas v Thomas) (1842) 2[2015] QB Tweddle v Atkinson [1861] EWHCQB Ward v Byham [1956] 1WLR Williams v Roffey Bros[1990] 2 WLR 1153) (Andrews, 2011) (Thomas v Thomas)(1842) 2 QB 851 (Denoncourt, 2009) (Denoncourt and Denoncourt, 2012) (Hesselink, 2015) (Taylor and Taylor, 2009) Description of the facts Personal details of client Allegation made against defendant Voluntary surrender to the police by the defendant Previous convictions. Conditions for the bail Defense on behalf of the client